Europe: Picture of a Stalled Competitive Model

Deck: 

Several hurdles remain to further liberalization and full competition in the electricity sector.

Fortnightly Magazine - February 2005
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Two major trends can be observed in Europe's electricity sector. First, the increasing importance of private-sector participation in a sector that was traditionally viewed as belonging to the state. In the 15 years since the UK started to privatize its electricity sector, there has been a complete about-face on this issue, with almost all European countries privatizing certain elements of their electricity sector, whether through the introduction of private independent power producers (IPPs), or the opening of state-owned companies to private investment, or the outright sale of energy assets. France, which has politically struggled with its ambition to open EdF's capital to private investors and has delayed this step in recent years due to fierce union opposition, is a notable exception. However, other countries, such as Greece and Italy, have succeeded in selling portions of their state-owned utilities (PPC and Enel, respectively) without undue public opposition. The Accession countries (which include the 10 countries that recently joined the EU as well as those that hope to do so in the next few years), with only a few exceptions, also are selling assets.

The second major trend in Europe is that of the massive amount of merger and acquisition (M&A) activity across the continent. In the mid to late 1990s, major national European utilities started to buy assets and companies in other Western European countries, with the objective of becoming powerful regionwide actors. The winners of this phase were the German actors RWE, E.On, French EdF, Italian Enel, Spanish Endesa and Iberdrola, Finnish Fortum, and Swedish Vattenfall. The second phase of M&A activity has been the attempt by these companies to position themselves in Eastern Europe in anticipation of EU Accession.

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