California's 1993 qualifying facility (QF) auction dramatically illustrates problems that can be encountered in structuring auctions for electric utility solicitations of supply-side resources from qualifying cogeneration and small power production facilities.
In the 1993 California QF auction, three California utilities were to select QFs that would be awarded long-term purchased-power contracts. The auction produced some unexpected outcomes that could potentially cost the utilities and their customers tens of millions of dollars per year. A year after the auction was held, the parties were still attempting to revise contracts, or even rebid a portion of the auction. And all of this effort may come to naught, depending upon what happens now that the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has struck down the auction process under California's Biennial Resource Plan Update, claiming that it violates the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) by using an improper method to calculate avoided costs.1
A study of the California QF auction illustrates yet again that "the devil is in the details." And the stakes will only rise farther as regulators in other states rely more on auctions to open up the electric industry to further competition.
THE SECOND-PRICE DESIGN
The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), the utilities, and the QFs used a very simple second-price auction as a design model:
s Each bidder supplies one item, identical to the item supplied by any other bidder.
s Each bidder submits a single sealed bid specifying the price at which he is willing to supply the item.
s A set number of lowest bids win the auction.